Objective To investigate the insecticide resistance of Musca domestica in Wuhan, China, and to provide a scientific basis for rational use of insecticides. Methods During 2009-2015, wild M. domestica was collected from residential areas, farmers’ markets, and refuse transfer stations in four districts (Jiang'an, Jianghan, Hanyang, and Wuchang) in Wuhan; they were bred in the laboratory for 1-2 generations and then were tested for the median lethal dose (LD ₅₀) of seven commonly used insecticides using the micro-drip method; the resistance ratios were calculated and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the inter-population differences between different districts. Results The resistance ratios to DDVP, azamethiphos, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and tetramethrin of the M. domestica populations in the four districts in Wuhan were 11.26-20.72, 23.21-72.69, 49.28-108.20, 251.50-454.50, 66.85-129.24, 91.43-115.54, and 4.84-6.80, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the resistance to the seven insecticides between the M. domestica populations in the four districts (all P>0.05). Conclusion The M. domestica in Wuhan has intermediate resistance and low resistance (or sensitivity) to DDVP and tetramethrin, respectively, and has high resistance or extremely high resistance to azamethiphos, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and beta-cypermethrin; the levels of insecticide resistance are associated with the usage degree of insecticides and are affected by regions to a minor degree. Therefore, it is suggested to apply insecticides rationally in the future fly control in each district, thus delaying the development of insecticide resistance of M. domestica.

Objective To investigate the population, density, and distribution of rodents in South China Seafood Wholesale Market during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic through emergency monitoring in the early stage of epidemic, and to provide a basis for scientific rodent control and evaluation of deratization effect. Methods The night trapping method and the rodent trace method were used to monitor rodent density in January 2020. Results The night trapping method was performed four times and captured 51 Rattus norvegicus rats in total, with a mean capture rate of 3.15%, and the capture rates of the four times were 5.00%, 3.95%, 2.49%, and 1.22%, respectively. The rodent trace method was performed four times and detected a total of 9 rodent traces, with a mean route index of 1.73 traces/km, and the route indices of the four times were 3.85, 2.31, 0.77, and 0 traces/km, respectively. After emergency treatment, the reduction rate of rodent density was 75.60% for the night trapping method and 100% for the rodent trace method. Conclusion Emergency monitoring shows that R. norvegicus is extremely harmful in the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, and emergency treatment significantly reduced the density of rodents and thus provides a strong guarantee for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic.

Objective To investigate the current status of vectors infestation in the urban area of Wuhan, China, in 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for vector control and National Hygienic City construction. Methods From June to September, 2017, a field investigation was performed to evaluate the current status of the vectors infestation in different types of units (places). The rodent trace method was used for the survey of rodents; the path method and the larva dip method were used for the survey of mosquitoes; visual observation was used for the survey of flies and cockroaches, and of the investigation of facilities for the prevention of rodents and flies. Results The total positive rate of indoor rodent density was 10.1%, the total failure rate of rodent-poof facilities was 17.2%, and the total path index of outdoor rodent density was 3.4. The total path index of water in small containers was 4.3, and the total dip index of large and medium waters was 5.8%. The density of mosquito larvae per positive dip was 5.5. The total positive rate of indoor adult flies was 7.3%; the total failure rate of fly-poof facilities was 14.0%; the total positive rate of fly breeding sites was 3.0%. The total invasion rate of indoor adult nymphae was 4.1%; the total positive rate of oothecae was 1.2%; the total positive rate of cockroach trace was 4.6%. Conclusion The current status of the vectors infestation in different types of units (places) of Wuhan obtained in this investigation provides background data for effective vector control and the consolidation of National Hygienic City in the future.

Objective To obtain the species composition, seasonal dynamics and density in important infestation places of cockroaches in Wuhan city so as to provide a scientific evidence for the prevention and control of cockroaches. Methods The sticky traps method was used to monitor the density of cockroaches in farm produce markets, restaurants, hotels, hospitals and residential areas from 2007 to 2016. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 softuare. Besides, the density and the infestation in every year and different places were compared by Chi-square test and variance analysis, respectively. Results In total, 20 137 cockroaches were captured which belonged to 3 species under 2 genera and 2 families. The average density was 0.94 insects per sheet and the infestation was 18.40%. Blattella germanica was the predomination species, accounting to 96.77%. The seasonal variation of cockroaches was obvious, and the peak mainly happened in June to October. The average density and the infestation rate of cockroaches in farm produce markets and restaurants were highest, which were 1.13 insects per sheet and 27.13%, 1.71 insects per sheet and 26.19%, respectively. Hotels and residential areas were in the next places and hospital was the lowest. The diversity index of cockroaches in residential areas was 0.586 7, which was the highest, and followed by that in farm produce markets and hospital, which were 0.259 0 and 0.232 6, respectively. The structure of cockroaches in farm produce markets, restaurants and residential areas were extremely similar, while the rest of the habitats were moderately similar. Conclusion Blattella germanica is the predominant population of cockroaches in Wuhan city. The activity peak appears in summer and early autumn, besides, the places around farm produce markets and restaurants should be viewed as the key points. Targeted comprehensive control measures should be taken according to the ecological characteristics of cockroach communities in different habitats.

Objective To provide scientific data for rodent control in Wuhan, we studied the population dynamics of rodents in three habitat types (residential areas, special industries, and rural villages) from January 2006 to December 2014. Methods We used night trapping method to collect mouse periodically, the data obtained was analyzed by statistical methods. Results The number of specimens we collected were 967, during 2006 to 2014. These samples belong to 1 family, 2 genera and 4 species. The predominant species was sewer rat Rattus norvegicus (39.7%), followed by R. tanezumi (37.6%). The seasonal variation of rats in rural villages and special industries was obvious, the peak mainly happened in March and September. Species richness in rural villages was higher than in urban residential areas and special industries, the diversity index of rats in rural villages was the highest (0.993 0), followed by that in special industries (0.684 5), was lowest in residential areas (0.645 5). The similarity of the 3 habitat types was high, and similar to each other. Conclusion Findings in the current paper were the basic characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution and species diversity in three habitat types in Wuhan.

Objective To investigate the awareness rate of rodent control, deratization willingness, and source of related knowledge among community residents in Wuhan, China, to launch various forms of intervention activities and search for effective models and methods for promoting rodent control awareness in community and to evaluate the effect, and to provide a basis for the development of appropriate community-based rodent control measures. Methods Four neighborhoods were selected from Jiang’an and Jianghan districts of Wuhan. With a stratified cluster sampling method, one or two communities were selected from each neighborhood. All of the 7 communities were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. KAP questionnaire survey was performed among community residents aged 18 and above. Results The satisfaction rate for rodent control in 2011 was 90.0% among experimental communities, which was significantly higher than that in control communities (29.2%) (χ2＝ 109.601, P＜0.01). Among residents in experimental communities, 15% found rodents in their house, while in control communities the percentage was 59.4%. The awareness rate of rodent control and related information was significantly higher in experimental communities than in control communities (P＜0.05). For the questionnaire, differences in awareness rates between the two groups were significant in most items, but not so significant in others. Of residents in all communities, 78.8% were willing to spend less than 5 yuan on rodenticides and traps, while 47.5% would reject rodent prevention service even for free. Conclusion Long-term targeted promotion and education in multiple ways are needed in rodent control among communities. This survey will provide effective guidance for future rodent control in Wuhan.

Objective To perform various forms of intervention, investigate the effective model and method of health education for rodent control in community, and evaluate the intervention effect, and to provide a basis for proper education measures for rodent control in community. Methods One or two communities were selected from each of 4 subdistricts in Jiang'an district and Jiang'han district of Wuhan, China by stratified cluster sampling; 7 communities were selected, and the residents in the 7 communities were divided into experimental group and control group. The individuals above 18 years of age were selected from each group to undergo knowledge-attitude-practice questionnaire survey. Various health intervention measures were performed on the experimental group. The intervention effect was evaluated by comparison. Results In the experimental group, the proportion of residents with the knowledge of rodent control and related information increased after intervention (P<0.05), and the changes were significant in terms of most items in the questionnaire (P<0.05). The density of rodents, as measured by night trapping method, were 4.5% before intervention and 0.8% after intervention (P<0.01). Conclusion During rodent control in community, various health education activities, as well as management for public environment and active cooperation between people in community, can increase the knowledge of rodent control among residents and in turn improve the effect of rodent control.

In this paper, one newly recorded genus, Amblyomma, and four newly recorded species, A. testudinarium, Haemaphysalis phasiana, H. hystricis, and Ixodes sinensis, are summarized. The genus and species belong to Ixodidae and are distributed in Hubei province, China. Their specimens are preserved in the Insect Collections, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus larve to five insecticides and provide evidence for scientific application of insecticides. Methods WHO - recommended Larva dipping method was used to test medium lethal concentration of the larva at their fourth instar in this test. Results The strains had developed different degrees of resistance to tested insecticides except fenobucarb (R/S<1) from Wuchang, Qingshan and Jiangan districts, where the corresponding resistant coefficients to cypermethrin were 59.3, 27.3 and 64.0, to high effect cypermethrin 3.8, 2.8 and 3.8, to acetofenat 5.5, 4.4, 6.1, to deltamethrin 6.7, 9.9, 6.7, and to fenobucarb all less than 1. Conclusion It was necessary to apply integrated measures and use insecticides scientifically in controlling mosquitoes．

Objective To provide a scientific basis for fly control by investigating resistance of Musca domestica to five common insecticides in Jiangxia district, Wuhan city. Methods The resistance of M. domestica to DDVP,azamethiphos,beta - cypermethrin,tetramethrin and cypermethrin were measured by topical application methods. Results M. domestica had low resisiteance to DDVP (LD ₅₀＝0.199 27 μg/♀) and beta-cypermethrin (LD ₅₀＝0.655 50 μg/♀), with the resistance ratio below 10-fold. M. domestica had devoloped high resistance to cypermethrin (LD ₅₀＝0.815 60 μg/♀) and propoxur (LD ₅₀＝0.648 50 μg/♀), and the resistances ratio to the two insecticides was 177.3 and 231.6 respectively. Conclusion It is essential to use insecticides reasonably based on researches of M. domestica’s resistance. It is also important to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies.

Objective The species variation of and seasonal fluctuations in the vector of Japanese encephalitis in Wuhan from 2006 to 2009 were investigated to provide the basis for the prevention and control of the disease and the vector mosquitoes.  Methods The lamp trap method was applied. Results A total of 48 097 mosquitoes of 6 species, 4 genera and 1 family were captured from 2006 to 2009. The dominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus, accounting for 78.1% of the total captures. Marked seasonal fluctuations in the adult mosquito density were observed in the district; the activity peak was usually from June to August, while adult mosquito activities substantially weakened from January to March and from November to December. Conclusion The seasonal fluctuations in the number of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the dominant species in Huangpi district, were noticeable. In preliminary conclusion, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is the major vector of Japanese encephalitis in the district.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the technique to control rodents in sewers of urban residential areas. Methods Contrast experiment was done in urban residential areas of Wuhan city. Wax block baits was hanged in the sewers according to operating instruction for 6 weeks in the tested areas, while no control measure was taken in the control. The infestation rate of rodents was investigated in the sewer before and after taking control measure. Results The average rodent density was 68.5% in the tested areas and control areas before controlling, however, that in the tested areas reached 96.4% after control for 6 weeks, and the relative population index was 3.1. Conclusion It is effective to control rodent according to the operational instruction in the residential areas.

Objective To provide scientific data for vector control after investigating its community structure and seasonal fluctuation in Wuhan,2006. Methods Mouse trap, light trap, cage trap and oach glue trap were used to catch rodents, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches respectively. Results The rodents were identified as 3 species of 2 genera, 1 family and Rattus norvegicus and R.flavipectus were dominant species and occupied 40.8% and 39.4% respectively. The mosquitoes were identified as 5 species, 4 genera, 1 family and the dominant species, Cluex pipiens quinquefasciatus, occupied 68.4%. The flies belonged to 5 species of 5 genera, 3 families. Musca domestica was dominant species and occupied 67.8%. The cockroach were identified as 3 species of 2 genera, 1 family and Blattella germanica was dominant species and occupied 89.8%. Rodents and cockcoaches were active throughout the year and seasonality was unconspicuous. Seasonality of mosquitoes and flies was obvious. The active peak of mosquitoes are on June while flies have two active peaks on May and November respectively of which the higher is on May. Conclusion The community structure and seasonal fluctuation of vector were preliminary known.

Objective To develop techniques to monitor the resistance of commensal rodents with blood clotting response(BCR) test. Methods Buff-breasted rats Rattus flavipectus were sampled from suburbs of Zhanjiang,Guangdong province,where higher resistance to bromadiolone had been documented previously. Results With non-alternative feeding tests,the upper limit of 95% effective dose of the wild population was proposed as discrimination dose(4.0 mg/kg) to discriminate the resistant buff-breasted rat form susceptible ones according to the method appraised by European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization(OEPP/EPPO,1995). And then,effects of bromadiolone at 4.0 mg/kg body weight on the blood clotting response of buff-breasted rat were studied. Results showed that the discrimination dose droved the percentage clotting activity(PCA) distribution pattern changed form one peak type of pre-treatment whole population into double peaks type,which one peak stand for resistant individuals which would survive within 20 d for their PCA range from 10-100,and the other peak should be susceptible individuals which would die in the following days for their PCA less than 10,which indicated the consistence of BCR method and non-alternative feeding test in monitoring the resistance of buff-breasted rat. Furthermore,both resistant and susceptible individuals decreased their PCA in the following days,while PCA of resistant individuals only decreased to 17% of normal level and soon increased to normal level within 2-3 d,compared to that of susceptible individuals whose PCA decrease dramatically and no increase observed. Therefore,PCA=10(INR=5.0) might be a threshold in determining "responders" to discriminate the resistant and susceptible rodent administrated by 4.0 mg/kg bromadiolone. Conclusion BCR might be applicable method to monitor the resistance against anticoagulant rodenticides of commensal rodents.

Objective Evaluation the resistance of Rattus norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone and comparison the two testing methods,blood clotting response(BCR) and feeding.Methods The resistance of R.norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone was tested with BCR and feeding method.Results The 50% effective dosees(ED ₅₀) of warfarin for R.norvigicus Beijing suburb population were(3.849 mg/kg) and(4.727 mg/kg) for male and female respectively.As for bromadiolone,ED 50 values were(0.516 mg/kg) and(0.689 mg/kg) for male and female.According to the baseline of susceptible R.norvegicus approved by ARRPC,the resistance of the population was(2.219-2.549) fold for warfarin and(1.098-1.129) for bromadiolone.Conclusion Compared with feeding test approved by WHO in 1980s,BCR methods obtained similar results and appeared to be a reliable and applic20050822able method in monitor anticoagulant resistance of commensal rodent.

In a 2m×4m×2m test Chamber,20、40、80、160 houseflies were tested respectively,the relationship of the knockdown rates of houseflies to fly electrocutor and the time logartihm presents "S" Pattern Model 1:Y=A+B1nt,(x=A+B1n ^t-5)can/appropriately describe the relationship between probit KD rates, KD rates and time.Model 2:1 _n(1-D/D)=a+b1ni,D=(1+e ^a+b1nt) ^-1 can effectively describe the relationship between KD rates and time. KT ₅₀ and 24 hours KD rates calculated from the models can be used as indexes for fly electrocutor efficiency estimate.

The KT ₅₀ and 24 hours death rate of 9 age stages of male and female domestic flies to K-otherin(0.25,2.5mg/m ²)and Fendona(1,10mg/m ²)membrane on glass were tested.The KT ₅₀ values of 1 to 7 days old house flies wer eincreased evidently with age increast.The KT ₅₀ values of older house flies were decreased slowly with age increase. Each KT ₅₀ value of the same dealing male house floyes was less than the female's.The death rates of house flies which was dealed with 2.5mg/m ² K-otherin and 10mg/m ² Fendona were all 100%.The death rates of 10 to 46 days old house flies dealed with 2.5mg/m ² were lowest and the death rates of house flies dealed with 1mg/m ² Fendona increased with age increase the male death rates were more than female.